Spatiotemporal analysis of emerging water bodies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains to Western India corridor

Vidisha Gajjar; Sagar Kamble; Ravin M. Tailor; Rituraj Jain; Kamal Upreti; Akhilesh Tiwari

doi:10.35208/ert.1727376

Authors

Vidisha Gajjar Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0937-4036
Sagar Kamble Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9529-9956
Ravin M. Tailor Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2337-3945
Rituraj Jain Chandigarh University Uttar Pradesh, School of Computer Science Engineering https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5532-1245
Kamal Upreti Christ University, Department of Computer Science https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0665-530X
Akhilesh Tiwari Christ University, Department of Business and Management https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3068-8822

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1727376

Keywords:

Urban heat mitigation, water bodies, land surface temperature, climate sensitivity, scaling, landscape design

Abstract

The rising number and severity of extreme heat events in tandem with the accelerating climate change have become important hazards for urban areas, worsening thermal stress, energy consumption, and environmental degradation. Urban waterscapes, being one of the integral components of blue–green infrastructure, play vital roles in local microclimate moderation and preventing exposure to heat. Two cities having varying Köppen climate zones, namely Lucknow (Cwa: Dry Winter Humid Subtropical) and Ahmedabad (Bsh: Hot Steppe), were selected. The help of Landsat 8 satellite imagery and GIS-based thermal analysis in summer seasons was taken, and land surface temperature (LST) profiles were prepared for selected lakes. Scaling methods and radius of saturation (R_Sat) concept were used to standardize water body dimensions for purpose of comparative analysis of cooling impact in a climate-based manner. Results show Lucknow water bodies reached 100 % thermal efficiency with mean 120 m influence radii, while Ahmedabad water bodies reached only 67 % efficiency by 1.49× scaling in order to realize Lucknow's cooling capability. These findings highlight the critical importance of climate-sensitive landscape design in strategies for reducing urban heat and confirm adaptive planning techniques for climate-responsive sustainable cities in different climatic contexts.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1]. R. Lindsey and L. Dahlman, (2025) “Climate Change: Global Temperature,” Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature

[2]. K. V. Sharma, V. Kumar, L. Gautam, S. Choudhary, and A. Mathew, “Geo-physical seasonal deviations of land use, terrain analysis, and water cooling effect on the surface temperature of Pune city,” Journal of Water and Climate Change, Vol. 14(12), pp. 4802–4820, 2023.

[3]. R. Neog, “Resurfacing heat stress phenomena in Indian cities during the post‐COVID‐19 lockdown period,” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, Vol. 45(1), pp. 85–106, 2024.

[4]. K. Ilgen, D. Schindler, S. Wieland, and J. Lange, “The impact of floating photovoltaic power plants on lake water temperature and stratification,” Scientific Reports, Vol. 13(1), p. 7932, 2023.

[5]. S. Piccolroaz, S. Zhu, R. Ladwig, L. Carrea, S. Oliver, A.P. Piotrowski, M. Ptak, R. Shinohara, M. Sojka, R.I. Woolway, and D.Z. Zhu, “Lake Water Temperature Modeling in an Era of Climate Change: Data Sources, Models, and Future Prospects,” Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 62(1), e2023RG000816, 2024.

[6]. L. Marshall, J.S. Ascher, C. Villagra, A. Beaugendre, V. Herrera, P. Henríquez‐Piskulich, A. Vera, and N.J. Vereecken, “Chilean bee diversity: Contrasting patterns of species and phylogenetic turnover along a large‐scale ecological gradient,” Ecosphere, Vol. 14(5), e4535, 2023.

[7]. X. Li, J. Sun, H. Zhang, H. Tan, R. Hui, J. Qi, P. Zhang, and N.D. Ward, “Warming decreases desert ecosystem functioning by altering biocrusts in drylands,” Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 60(12), pp. 2676–2687, 2023.

[8]. J. Millot, J. Grall, C. Toumi, M. Maguer, and A. Boyé, “Quantifying the direct and indirect relationships linking the environment, seagrass, and their associated fauna,” Ecosphere, Vol. 15(2), 2024.

[9]. M. Korkmaz and A. Kuriqi, “Regional Climate Change and Drought Dynamics in Tunceli, Turkey: Insights from Drought Indices,” Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Vol. 9(2), p. 49, 2024.

[10]. M. Shoshany and S. Mozhaeva, “Climate and aridity measures relationships with spectral vegetation indices across desert fringe shrublands in the South-Eastern Mediterranean Basin,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 195(5), p. 563, 2023.

[11]. H. E. Beck, N. E. Zimmermann, T. R. McVicar, N. Vergopolan, A. Berg, and E. F. Wood, “Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution,” Scientific Data, Vol. 5(1), p. 180214, 2018.

[12]. M. Öney and A. Anlı, “Regional Drought Analysis with Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI): Gediz Basin, Turkey,” Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 29(4), pp. 1032–1049, 2023.

[13]. G. Betti, F. Tartarini, C. Nguyen, and S. Schiavon, “CBE Clima Tool: A free and open-source web application for climate analysis tailored to sustainable building design,” Building Simulation, Vol. 17(3), pp. 493–508, 2024.

[14]. M. Gholami Rostam and A. Abbasi, “Dynamic climate-adaptive design: A key to realizing future-proof energy efficiency in building sector,” Applied Energy, Vol. 341, p. 121146, 2023.

[15]. Z. Zhu, B. Liu, H. Wang, and M. Hu, “Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Changes in Watershed Landscape Pattern and Its Influencing Factors in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas Using Satellite Data,” Remote Sensing, Vol. 13(6), p. 1168, 2021.

[16]. Y. Xia, Q. Wang, L. Ren, and H. Wang, “Exploring Urban Heat Distribution via Intra- and Extra-Block Morphologies with Integrated Stacked Models,” Buildings, Vol. 14(10), p. 3187, 2024.

[17]. Y. Cui, B. Guo, W. Li, and X. Kong, “Assessment of urban blue-green space cooling effect linking maximum and accumulative perspectives in the Yangtze River Delta, China,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 30(58), pp. 121834–121850, 2023.

[18]. Q. Han, L. Li, H. Wei, and X. Wu, “Identifying the Relationships between Landscape Pattern and Ecosystem Service Value from a Spatiotemporal Variation Perspective in a Mountain–Hill–Plain Region,” Forests, Vol. 14(12), p. 2446, 2023.

[19]. S. Liu, Y. Chen, R. Yang, D. Li, Y. Qiu, K. Lu, X. Cao, and Q. Chen, “Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Constructed Wetland Landscape Patterns during Rapid Urbanization in Chengdu, China,” Land, Vol. 13(6), p. 806, 2024.

[20]. K. D. Konrád, Á. Bede-Fazekas, S. Bartha, and I. Somodi, “Adapting a multiscale approach to assess the compositional diversity of landscapes,” Landscape Ecology, Vol. 38(11), pp. 2731–2747, 2023.

[21]. A. Frazier, “Landscape Metrics,” Geographic Information Science & Technology Body of Knowledge, Vol. 2019(Q2), 2019.

[22]. P. Zhang, D. Ghosh, and S. Park, “Spatial measures and methods in sustainable urban morphology: A systematic review,” Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 237, p. 104776, 2023.

[23]. Y. Jia, L. Tang, M. Xu, and X. Yang, “Landscape pattern indices for evaluating urban spatial morphology – A case study of Chinese cities,” Ecological Indicators, Vol. 99, pp. 27–37, 2019.

[24]. A. Chen, L. Yao, R. Sun, and L. Chen, “How many metrics are required to identify the effects of the landscape pattern on land surface temperature?,” Ecological Indicators, Vol. 45, pp. 424–433, 2014.

[25]. K. R. Gunawardena, M. J. Wells, and T. Kershaw, “Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 584–585, pp. 1040–1055, 2017.

[26]. C. Hu, G. Huang, and Z. Wang, “Exploring the seasonal relationship between spatial and temporal features of land surface temperature and its potential drivers: the case of Chengdu metropolitan area, China,” Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol. 11, p. 1226795, 2023.

[27]. S. Zhou, H. Zheng, X. Liu, Q. Gao, and J. Xie, “Identifying the Effects of Vegetation on Urban Surface Temperatures Based on Urban–Rural Local Climate Zones in a Subtropical Metropolis,” Remote Sensing, Vol. 15(19), p. 4743, 2023.

[28]. A. Imam, “Examining the impact of Green Riyadh Project on alleviating urban heat island effects,” Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Engineering and Architecture, Vol. 14(4), pp. 201–211, 2023.

[29]. J. Kim, A. Khouakhi, R. Corstanje, and A. S. A. Johnston, “Greater local cooling effects of trees across globally distributed urban green spaces,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 911, p. 168494, 2024.

[30]. Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, N. Ding, and X. Yang, “Assessing the Contributions of Urban Green Space Indices and Spatial Structure in Mitigating Urban Thermal Environment,” Remote Sensing, Vol. 15(9), p. 2414, 2023.

[31]. M. Amani-Beni, B. Zhang, G.-D. Xie, and Y. Shi, “Impacts of Urban Green Landscape Patterns on Land Surface Temperature: Evidence from the Adjacent Area of Olympic Forest Park of Beijing, China,” Sustainability, Vol. 11(2), p. 513, 2019.

[32]. J. Yin, X. Wu, M. Shen, X. Zhang, C. Zhu, H. Xiang, C. Shi, Z. Guo, and C. Li, “Impact of urban greenspace spatial pattern on land surface temperature: a case study in Beijing metropolitan area, China,” Landscape Ecology, Vol. 34(12), pp. 2949–2961, 2019.

[33]. A. Rajavel, S. Karkuzhali, S. Sharma, S.K. Singh, S. P, S.J. Ida, Construction Progress Monitoring In Smart Cities Using Deep Alexnet, International Conference on Research Methodologies in Knowledge Management, Artificial Intelligence and Telecommunication Engineering, Vol. 10369397, pp. 1–6, 2023.

[34]. T.M. Tiza, O. Mogbo, S.K. Singh, N. Shaik, M.P. Shettar, Bituminous pavement sustainability improvement strategies, Energy Nexus vol. 6, p. 100065, 2022.

[35]. T. Utsev, T.M. Tiza, O. Mogbo, S.K. Singh, A. Chakravarti, N. Shaik, S.P. Singh, Application of nanomaterials in civil engineering, Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 62, pp. 5140–5146, 2022.

[36]. M. Maimaitiyiming, A. Ghulam, T. Tiyip, F. Pla, P. Latorre-Carmona, Ü. Halik, M. Sawut, and M. Caetano, “Effects of green space spatial pattern on land surface temperature: Implications for sustainable urban planning and climate change adaptation,” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 89, pp. 59–66, 2014.

[37]. G. Sigmund, M. Ågerstrand, A. Antonelli, T. Backhaus, T. Brodin, M.L. Diamond, W.R. Erdelen, D.C. Evers, T. Hofmann, T. Hueffer, A. Lai, J.P.M. Torres, L. Mueller, A.L. Perrigo, M.C. Rillig, A. Schaeffer, M. Scheringer, K. Schirmer, A. Tlili, A. Soehl, R. Triebskorn, P. Vlahos, C.V. Berg, Z. Wang, and K.J. Groh, “Addressing chemical pollution in biodiversity research,” Global Change Biology, Vol. 29(12), pp. 3240–3255, 2023.

[38]. S. K. Maddheshiya, M. Jha, S. Tignath, and N. Singh, “Hydrogeomorphic and Spatio-Temporal analysis of riverine wetlands in the interfluvial zone of Ganga and Sai rivers, Uttar Pradesh, India,” Wetlands, Vol. 43(1), p. 9, 2023.

[39]. S. Verma, M. V. Ramana, and R. Kumar, “Atmospheric rivers fueling the intensification of fog and haze over Indo-Gangetic Plains,” Scientific Reports, Vol. 12(1), p. 5139, 2022.

[40]. S. Kumar, S. K. Ghosh, and B. Pateriya, “Spatio-temporal shift in fire activity in the Indo-Gangetic region,” Geocarto International, pp. 1–19, 2022.

[41]. S. Saha, S. Halder, and S. Singha, “Spatial Variation of Overall Infrastructural Development Index (OIDI) in Census Towns: A Study of Indo-Gangetic Plain Region, India,” in Urban Environment and Smart Cities in Asian Countries: Insights for Social, Ecological, and Technological Sustainability, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 525–542, 2023.

[42]. H. M. Rayadurgam and P. Rao, “Spatio-temporal rainfall patterns and trends (1901–2015) across Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor, India,” Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Vol. 144(3), pp. 1141–1159, 2021.

[43]. Shilpi and R. M. Singh, “Assessment and prediction of LULCC dynamics in a part of Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plain (IGAP) using geospatial techniques on multi-temporal Landsat imageries,” Arabian Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 15(11), p. 1076, 2022.