Electroplating wastewater treatment: A comprehensive review of environmental impacts, emerging technologies, and the precautionary principle
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1599378Keywords:
Electroplating, precautionary principle, risk assessment, uncertainty, wastewater effluentAbstract
Global water contamination poses a severe threat to accessible potable water resources, a challenge exacerbated by population growth and industrial activities. The metal finishing sector, particularly electroplating (EP), is a significant contributor to this issue due to its extensive applications and the generation of electroplating wastewater (EPWW) laden with high concentrations of heavy metals. These contaminants present considerable risks to both ecological balance and human health. While conventional treatment methods have been employed, a nuanced understanding of the associated hazards has often been lacking, sometimes leading to counterproductive outcomes. This comprehensive review critically examines the multifaceted aspects of EP wastewater. It begins by providing a thorough overview of the EP process itself, detailing its historical evolution, diverse industrial applications, fundamental transport phenomena, and significant adverse environmental and health effects. Subsequently, the review delves into an in-depth investigation of the most recent and emerging technologies for the treatment of EPWW, assessing their efficacy, advantages, and limitations. A central focus of this work is to underscore the imperative of integrating the Precautionary Principle (PP) into the lifecycle of developing and implementing novel water treatment solutions. The review argues that a proactive, risk-informed approach, guided by the PP, is essential to prevent irreversible environmental damage and safeguard public health. By synthesizing current knowledge and highlighting future research directions, this study aims to foster the adoption of sustainable, effective, and ethically sound strategies for managing the complex challenges posed by EPWW, thereby contributing to the broader goals of environmental protection and resource sustainability.
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